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- Introduction of easily-detected marker substances, which modify the external fields (e.g. fluorescent substances in UV-light) or create their own fields (ferromagnetic)
- Change of specific electrical resistance depending on structure or property changes of objects
- Absorption, reflection and refraction of light
- Polarized light
- Electro- and magnetooptic phenomena
- X-ray and nuclear radiation
- Spectroscopy, optothermal effect
- Electron and nuclear spin resonance
- Magnetoelastic effect
- Transition through the Curie-point
- Hopkins-effect and Barkhausen-effect
- Measurement of object’s natural frequency of oscillation
- Ultrasonic and infrasonic
- Acoustic emission
- Moessbauer-effect
- Hall-effect
- Holography
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Physical effects