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- Introduction of easily-detected marker substances, which modify the external fields (e.g. fluorescent substances in UV-light) or create their own fields (ferromagnetic)
- Reflection and emission of light
- Interference of light
- Photo-effect
- Deformation
- X-ray and nuclear radiation
- Luminescence
- Change of electric and magnetic fields
- Electric discharges, gas discharges
- Doppler-effect
- Reception of the acoustic field, acoustic camera
- Computer-aided image processing in visible, infrared or UV-light
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Physical effects